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Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
The persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire began late during the reign of Constantine the Great, when he ordered the pillaging and the tearing down of some temples.〔〔〔 The first anti-Pagan laws by the Christian state started with Constantine's son Constantius II,〔〔 who was an unwavering opponent of paganism; he ordered the closing of all pagan temples, forbade Pagan sacrifices under pain of death,〔 and removed the traditional Altar of Victory from the Senate.〔 Under his reign ordinary Christians started vandalizing many of the ancient Pagan temples, tombs and monuments.〔〔〔〔 This persecution had proceeded after a period of sporadic persecution of Christians.
From 361 till 375, Paganism was relatively tolerated, until three Emperors, Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I, under Bishop of Milan Saint Ambrose's influence, reinstituted and escalated the persecution.〔〔 Under pressure from the zealous Ambrose, Theodosius issued the infamous 391 "Theodosian decrees," a declaration of war on paganism,〔〔 the Altar of Victory was removed again by Gratian, the Vestal Virgins were disbanded, and access to Pagan temples was prohibited.
==Anti-paganism policy of Constantine I==
(詳細はConstantine the Great evolved from the initial prohibition on the construction of new temples〔 and the toleration of pagan sacrifices,〔 to orders for the looting and the tearing down of the temples by the end of his reign.〔〔R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100-400, Yale University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-300-03642-6〕〔〔〔〔Eusebius Pamphilius and Schaff, Philip (Editor) and McGiffert, Rev. Arthur Cushman, Ph.D. (Translator) (''NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine'' ) quote: "he razed to their foundations those of them which had been the chief objects of superstitious reverence"〕 Earlier in his reign he had prohibited the construction of new temples〔Gerberding, R. and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 28.〕 but tolerated the practice of pagan sacrifices.〔Peter Brown, ''The Rise of Christendom'' 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60.〕
According to Church historians writing after his death, Constantine converted to Christianity and was baptised on his deathbed, thus making him the first Christian emperor.〔("Constantine The Great", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908 )〕〔("The Codex Theodosianus On Religion", XVI.v.1, 4 CE )〕 Constantine was baptised by Pope Sylvester I.〔See ''The Roman and British Martyrology''. Publisher: O’Neill and Duggan, Dublin, 1846. 31st December, p. 427: "In Rome, the feast of St. Sylvester, pope, who baptized the Emperor Constantine, and confirmed the decrees of the Council of Nice." Also see ''The Roman Breviary'', translated out of Latin into English by John, Marquess of Bute, K. T. Publisher: William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1908. Vol. 1, Winter, Dec. 31: Pope St. Sylvester, Matins: Second Nocturn: Fourth Lesson, p. 307: "Silvester () was a Roman by birth, and his father’s name was Rufinus. ... In his thirtieth year he was ordained Priest of the Holy Roman Church by Pope Marcellinus. In the discharge of his duties he became a model for all the clergy, and, after the death of Melchiades, he succeeded him on the Papal throne, (the year of our Lord 314, ) during the reign of Constantine, who had already by public decree pro¬claimed peace to the Church of Christ. ...It was Silvester who caused him (Constantine ) to recognise the images of the Apostles, administered to him holy Baptism, and cleansed him from the leprosy..." and ''The Roman Breviary'', translated out of Latin into English by John, Marquess of Bute, K. T. Publisher: William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1908. Vol. 2, Summer, November 9: Dedication of the Cathedral Church of the Most Holy Saviour, at Rome, Matins: Second Nocturn: Fifth Lesson, pp. 1346-47: "But when the Emperor Constantine had by the Sacrament of Baptism received health both of body and soul, then first in a law by him published was it allowed to the Christians through¬out the whole world to build Churches, to the which holy building he exhorted them by his example as well as by his decree. He dedicated in his own Lateran Palace a Church to the Saviour, and built hard by it a Cathedral in the name of St. John the Baptist, upon the place where he had been baptized by holy Silvester and cleansed from his leprosy." Also see the ''Liber Pontificalis'' for December 31 and the inscription on a side of the St. John Lateran obelisk at Rome which reads, "CONSTANTINUS PER CRUCEM VICTOR AS SILVESTRO HIC BAPTIZATUS CRUCIS GLORIAM PROPAGAVIT." (''Della Letteratura Italiana'', by Cesare Cantù. Publisher: Presso L’Unione Tipografico-Editrice, Torino, 1856. Chap. 5, §4, p. 338)〕
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